Which theory argues that nonconforming behavior is the product of a malintegrated society that values material achievement but denies it to most members?

• A. Problem-behavior proneness theory
• B. Social control theory
• C. Self-control theory
• D. Anomie theory

Answer: (D)

Anomie (or strain) theory explains deviance as a response to structural pressure in society. When a culture heavily prizes material success but the social system denies many people legitimate ways to achieve it, people experience strain. That strain undermines social integration and promotes nonconforming behavior as people adapt to the gap between culturally prescribed goals and the means available to reach them. In such a malintegrated society, the emphasis on wealth creates motivation for deviation, because legitimate avenues are blocked for many individuals. This perspective highlights how structural factors—not just individual traits—drive deviance. It’s different from theories that focus on personal predispositions, weak social bonds, or low self-control.